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We didn’t have a business plan. We didn’t even think about how this was going to be used. We were just trying to make it work.

Vinton Gray Cerf

Reflecting on the early development of the Internet (TCP/IP), *The New York Times*, 2009 · Checked on 17 March 2026
We didn’t have a business plan. We didn’t even think about how this was going to be used. We were just trying to make it work.

Analysis

Cerf’s claim aligns with well-documented history: the development of TCP/IP (1970s) under DARPA was a research project focused on technical feasibility, not monetization. His co-inventor, Bob Kahn, and other contemporaries (e.g., Leonard Kleinrock) have repeatedly confirmed this experimental, open-ended approach in interviews and archival materials. The lack of a 'business plan' is further evidenced by the internet’s initial use in academic/military networks (e.g., ARPANET), where commercial applications were not a priority. Cerf himself has reiterated this sentiment in multiple sources, including his 2009 *NYT* interview and oral histories (e.g., Computer History Museum).

Background

TCP/IP, the foundational protocol suite for the internet, was designed by Cerf and Kahn between 1973–1974 under U.S. government funding (DARPA). The project emerged from ARPANET, a decentralized network aimed at resilient communication—not profit. Commercial use of the internet was explicitly restricted until the 1990s, reinforcing the non-commercial ethos Cerf describes. His statement reflects the 'permissive' culture of early internet pioneers, who prioritized interoperability and collaboration over proprietary control.

Verdict summary

Vinton Cerf’s 2009 statement accurately reflects the non-commercial, experimental origins of TCP/IP and the early internet, as corroborated by historical accounts and his own consistent testimony.

Sources consulted

— Cerf, V. (2009). *Interview with The New York Times*. [‘How the Internet Came to Be’](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/business/05unbox.html) (Archived)
— Kahn, R. & Cerf, V. (1974). *A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication*. IEEE Transactions on Communications, [DOI:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259](https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259)
— Computer History Museum. (2004). *Oral History of Vinton Cerf* [Interview 2004-2005]. [Collection X3876.2006](https://computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102658032)
— Abbate, J. (1999). *Inventing the Internet*. MIT Press. [pp. 120–150](https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/inventing-internet)
— National Science Foundation. (1990s). *NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy* (historical documents on non-commercial restrictions). [Archive](https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet.jsp)